2016世界风景园林师高峰讲坛 2016 BJFU International Landscape Architecture Forum
2016 International Landscape Architecture Forum
Landscape Values and Preservation
May 28th -29th, 2016
China · Beijing
The 2016 International Landscape Architecture Forum will take place May 28-29, 2016 at the School of Landscape Architecture in Beijing Forestry University (BFU), China. This event will center on the theme of “Landscape Values and Preservation.”
In the history of mankind, landscape has supported human’s life, documenting the traces of human-nature interaction, providing opportunities for enjoying beauty, pleasure, and natural and cultural diversity, and serving as the final repository for biological diversity. Every dedicated landscape architect will have to rethink and discuss landscape values.
Contemporary landscape is undergoing unprecedented change, facing a series of problems and challenges. The diversity and changeability of landscape, as well as people’s insufficient and unprecise understanding of landscape values, often cause trouble in landscape preservation. When exploring, discussing, and inheriting landscape values, landscape architects are also dedicated to identifying landscape preservation theories and methods, protecting and rescuing valued landscapes.
The School of Landscape Architecture at BFU will draw scholars from around the world to discuss the question above. By triggering exchanges of different values and perspectives, we hope to renew our understanding of landscape values, clearing up our confusions in the practice of landscape preservation, and further promoting the development of the profession of Landscape architecture.
Date ： May 28th -29th,2016
Place ： Teaching and Scientific Research Building, B1 Lecture Hall
Hosts ：
Beijing Forestry University
Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture, Education Committee
Organizers ：
Division of International exchange and cooperation, Beijing Forestry University
Beijing Forestry University School of Landscape Architecture
Landscape Architecture Journal
Brief Agenda (Draft)
国际演讲人演讲信息简介、题目和摘要
International Speaker and Presentation Title
01
Anna Jorgensen, PhD
Senior Lecturer
The Department of Landscape, The University of Sheffield
安娜•约根森，博士
英国谢菲尔德大学高级讲师
Anna’s research interests focus around the ways in which different people experience, interact with, understand and represent landscape, and especially wild or natural-looking vegetation; and the desire to see a more holistic and environmentally friendly approach to planning and designing urban greenspace and green structure. Her aim is often to challenge professional ideas about what might be publicly acceptable, and to test/explore established theoretical frameworks from different academic disciplines that are relevant to her field of enquiry (such as environmental psychology, social anthropology and cultural geography).
研究兴趣着眼于人们体验景观、与景观交互作用、理解和表现景观的不同途径，尤其是在野生或自然的植被条件下。期望探索出更为历史性的和环境友好的方法规划设计城市绿色空间和绿地结构。旨在挑战会被公众接纳的专业思想，并试图建立源于其研究领域不同学科的理论框架（比如环境心理学、社会人类学、文化地理学）。
Presentation Title: Rethinking cultural heritage in urban landscapes
Abstract: According to the European Landscape Convention landscape ‘contributes to the formation of local cultures’ and ‘is an important part of the quality of life for people everywhere… in degraded areas as well as in areas of high quality’, but the cultural significance of degraded areas is rarely acknowledged in planning policy or practice, and under-researched in academic scholarship. This paper will question established heritage paradigms relating to designated landscapes and ancient monuments in urban areas, and explore wider understanding of heritage and the implications for urban landscape planning and design. The talk will focus particularly on the heritage of post-industrial and everyday environments, including a wide range of derelict, underused and neglected landscapes, and will explore the nature of ‘cultural landscapes’ in urban areas. It will also examine the relationship between historical narrative and representation, and the outcomes for heritage practice and local identity, and alternative ways of ‘doing’ landscape heritage.
演讲题目：反思城市景观中的文化遗产
摘要： 根据《欧洲景观公约》，景观“有利于当地文化的形成”，并且是“基本生活条件的重要组成部分”，它无处不在.....不管是在退化地区还是高品质地区。但是在退化地区，文化的重要性在规划政策或实践中很少被认可，并且学术上研究不足。本文对城市中特定景观和古迹文物相关的既定遗产范式提出质疑，探索更为广泛地理解遗产及其对城市景观规划设计的影响。探讨主要针对后工业时代遗产和日常环境，包括各种废弃、未充分利用和疏于管理的景观，探索城市中“文化景观”的本质。也研究了历史陈述与再现之间的关系、遗产项目和地方特征的出路，以及“处理”景观遗产可供选择的方法。
02
Jack Ahern, Ph.D., FASLA, FCELA
Professor of Landscape Architecture
University of Massachusetts – Amherst, MA
杰克•艾亨，博士
美国风景园林学会理事
美国风景园林教育委员会理事
美国麻省大学阿默赫斯特分校（Umass Amherst）风景园林与区域规划系教授。
Jack Ahern is a professor of landscape architecture and urban planning and Vice Provost for International Programs. Ahern’s research focuses on the application of landscape ecological theories, principles and methods on landscape planning and design projects. Earlier, he worked on broad-scale integrated systems of protected lands known as greenways – linking their spatial configuration and resource base with ecosystem services and human use(s). His books address multiple aspects of his applied research including: Water-Centric Sustainable Communities (2010), Measuring Landscapes: A Planner’s Handbook (2006), Biodiversity Planning and Design: Sustainable Practices (2006), Greenways as Strategic Landscape Planning: Theory and Application; A Guide to the Landscape Architecture of Boston; and Greenways: the Beginning of an International Movement (1995). Ahern’s current research is focused on applied ecologically-based planning and design of urban environments for sustainability and resilience. This work continues to engage landscape ecology as a theoretical platform to integrate the emerging, fine-scaled professional practices of green infrastructure across scales to form green urban networks linked with ecosystem services, sustainability and to build resilience capacity.
美国麻省大学阿默赫斯特分校风景园林与区域规划系教授，国际部副主任。主要研究方向为景观生态理论应用，景观规划与设计项目的原则和方法。此前致力于大规模土地保护综合系统（即绿道）的研究，探索其空间结构和资源基础与生态服务系统和人类利用之间的联系。出版著作涵盖其研究领域的多个方面，包括：《以水为中心的可持续发展社区》（2010），《测量景观：规划师手册》（2006），《生物多样性规划和设计：可持续发展的实践》（2006），《绿道作为战略景观规划：理论与应用》,《波士顿园林导读》，《绿道：国际运动的开端》（1995）。目前的研究以应用生态为基础，着眼于可持续的弹性城市环境规划和设计。这项研究将景观生态作为理论平台，整合不同尺度绿色基础设施的新兴的专业实践，构建与生态服务、可持续性的绿色城市网络，创造环境的弹性容量。
Presentation Title: Novel Urban Ecosystems: origins, evolution and management of “new nature” in cities
Abstract: As the world has become predominantly urban early in this “Century of the City” the proportion of “natural” and built environments in cities has shifted, and entirely new, or novel types of urban nature have appeared through spontaneous urban ecological evolution and by intentional human creation. This novel nature in 21st Century cities challenges traditional and established conceptions of urban landscape and urban nature, including aesthetic appearance, cultural identity, and ecological performance.
The result of novel ecosystem evolution and ecological development is redefining the identity, character, and heritage of contemporary cities. A new definition and typology of 21st century “novel” urban nature is proposed here as the basis for a novel urban ecosystem strategy - to provide essential ecosystem services and to contribute to a new and evolving urban identity. This proposed “novel urban ecosystem” strategy is informed by landscape and urban ecology. Novel urban nature is increasingly the subject of “designed experiments” that: 1) monitor the performance of innovative novel ecosystem designs to provide multiple ecosystem services: 2) to develop new modes of aesthetic expression in urban landscapes and 3) build public understanding and support for new types of novel urban ecosystems. The main proposition presented here is that novel urban ecosystems will become increasingly important to support urban sustainability and urban resilience.
演讲题目：新城市生态系统：城市中“新自然”的起源、演变和管理
摘要： 在这个“城市的纪元”的早期，世界以城市环境为主，“自然”与人工环境的比例已经发生了倒转，全新的（或者说是新奇的）城市自然类型已经通过城市自然的生态演变和人类有目的的创造而出现了。在21世纪的城市中，这种新自然挑战着传统既有的城市景观概念和城市自然，包括美学外观、文化认同和生态效益方面。新的生态系统演变和生态发展的结果，就是重新定义了现代城市的身份、个性和延续性。21世纪“新”自然的定义和分类在本次演讲中，作为新城市生态系统策略的基础被提出来，以提供重要的生态系统服务，有益于新的、不断演变的城市特征的形成。此处提及的“新城市生态系统”策略源于景观和城市生态。“新城市自然”愈发成为“设计的实验”的主题：1）检测创新的新生态系统设计的效益，以提供多种生态系统服务；2）在城市景观中，发展美学表达的新模式；3）得到公众对新城市生态系统所带来的新变化的理解和支持。本演讲的核心是，新城市生态系统在支持城市的可持续和弹性发展方面将会变得愈发重要。
03
Ethan Carr, Phd, FASLA
Professor of Landscape Architecture
University of Massachusetts – Amherst, MA
伊森·卡尔，博士，美国风景园林学会会员
美国麻省大学阿默赫斯特分校（Umass Amherst）风景园林与区域规划系教授
Ethan Carr, Phd, FASLA, is a landscape historian and preservationist specializing in public landscapes. He has taught at the Harvard GSD, the University of Virginia, and at the University of Massachusetts, where he is a professor of landscape architecture. He has written two award-winning books, Wilderness by Design (1998) and Mission 66: Modernism and the National Park Dilemma (2007), and he is the volume editor of Volume 8 of the Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, The Early Boston Years, 1882-1890 (2013). He is the co-editor of a volume on the history of world park design, Public Nature (2013). He currently directs the Cultural Landscape Management Certificate program at the University of Massachusetts, and is the Graduate Program Director for the Master’s in Landscape Architecture degree.
Ethan Carr，风景园林历史学家，研究方向为公共景观。曾任教于哈佛研究生院、弗吉尼亚大学，现作为风景园林学教授任教于麻省大学。两本获奖著作：《荒野的设计》(1998)和《任务66:现代主义和国家公园的困境》(2007)。曾任弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德论文集《早期波士顿年：1882-1890》（2013）的第八卷编辑，以及关于世界公园设计历史的书籍《公共自然》（2013）的主编。目前负责麻省大学文化景观的管理认证项目，同时是风景园林专业研究生教育负责人。
Presentation Title : Landscape Values and Preservation: A “Landscape Turn” in Preservation Practice
Abstract: Beginning in the 1980s, the US National Park Service began documenting historic properties as “cultural landscapes,” and listing these historic properties in its National Register of Historic Places. Since 1992, UNESCO has inscribed eighty-eight properties in the World Heritage List in the category of cultural landscapes. The IUCN, which traditionally had been concerned with the designation and preservation of wilderness and natural areas, elaborated its protected area management categories to include Category V: Protected Landscape/Seascapes, which are cultural, or “living,” landscapes. All these designations acknowledge the significance of maintaining and enhancing the human interactions with the land that embody and define culturally significant agricultural, associative, and historic designed landscapes.
This world trend in historic preservation and natural resource conservation over the last thirty years indicate a broad shift in world landscape preservation practice and the values that are expressed through that practice. Cultural historians describe a “cultural turn” in the humanities and social sciences that began in the 1970s and reflected an increased awareness of the importance of culture and cultural processes in social constructions of significance and meaning, and a shift away from positivist, or empirical, epistemology in the disciplines of, for example, anthropology, history, and economics. In this paper I discuss the “landscape turn” in landscape preservation and heritage management as an outgrowth of the larger cultural turn of the twentieth century.
Examples of this “landscape turn” in professional practice in the US include: Indigenous Cultural Landscape designations; “place-based” regional planning and urban design; civic (or public) engagement in landscape architecture; the spatialization of data in the “digital humanities”; and “New Paradigms” in ecological and cultural resource management. Together these practices indicate the extent of an interdisciplinary landscape turn that characterizes landscape preservation efforts today, and reveals the inherent landscape values expressed through them.
演讲题目：景观的价值和保护：保护实践中的“景观转变”
摘要： 美国国家公园管理局于二十世纪80年代开始将历史遗产整理记录为“文化景观”，并将其列入国家史迹名录。1992年以来，国际教科文组织将88个历史遗产列入了世界遗产名录。世界自然保护联盟作为一直以来致力于指定和保护野生自然环境的组织，将其保护区的管理类别增加了一类，即第五类：受保护的景观/海景，具有文化特征的“活”景观。这些新的分类表明维护和加强人类干预后的土地（景观特征）的重要性，体现和界定了具有重要文化价值的农业、以及相关的历史景观。过去三十年间，在世界景观保护实践和通过实践展现出来的价值方面，历史保护和自然资源保护的世界潮流出现了巨大的转变。人文历史学家如此描述始于20世纪70年代的人类和社会科学“文化转变”：它显示出了对于文化和在社会结构象征性和含义方面的文化进程的意识的不断增强，是对实证主义或者经验主义的摒弃，从认识论在诸如人类学、历史学和经济学等学科的条条框框中发生转变。本演讲讨论了在20世纪文化转变大背景下的景观保护和遗产管理中的“景观转变”。在美国，在专业实践中“景观转变”的案例包括：土著文化景观指定；“地方化”区域规划和城市设计；风景园林中的公民（或公共）参与；“数字人文”的空间化数据；生态和文化资源管理中的“新范式”。这些实践表明，今天的跨学科背景下景观转变阐明了景观的特征，揭示了景观原有的价值。
04
Sonja Dümpelmann
Ph. D，Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design
索尼娅·丁佩尔曼
博士，哈佛大学设计研究生院风景园林系副教授
Sonja Dümpelmann is a landscape historian and Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. She holds a Ph.D. in Landscape Architecture from the University of the Arts, Berlin. Her publications include Flights of Imagination: Aviation, Landscape, Design (University of Virginia Press, 2014), a book on the Italian landscape architect Maria Teresa Parpagliolo Shephard (VDG Weimar, 2004), as well as the edited Cultural History of Gardens in the Age of Empire (Bloomsbury Publishers, 2013), and the co-edited Women, Modernity, and Landscape Architecture (Routledge, 2015), and Greening the City: Urban Landscapes in the Twentieth Century (University of Virginia Press, 2011). She is currently writing a book on the history of urban forestry and street tree planting.
索尼娅·丁佩尔曼（Sonja Dümpelmann）是一位景观历史学者，目前在哈佛大学设计研究生院担任风景园林学副教授。她在柏林艺术大学获得风景园林学博士学位。已出版的著作包括《飞行的想像：航空、景观、设计》，《意大利风景园林师Maria Teresa Parpagliolo Shephard》，《帝国时代花园的文化历史》，《女性、现代性和风景园林》，《绿化城市：20世纪的城市景观》，她目前正在撰写的专著是《城市森林和街道绿化的历史》。
Presentation Title: Airport—A Cultural Landscape?
Abstract: This paper will show how throughout the twentieth century the airport has been understood and designed as a cultural landscape and distinct environment. The understanding of airports and aviation in general has been closely intertwined with notions of landscape, environment and ecology, even if the airport has during its evolution been described by various critics, architects, and philosophers as an anti-landscape, as obsolescent, a “non-place,” and dystopia. The paper will contextualize the idea of the airport as landscape within the changing interpretations of the concept of cultural landscape itself, a concept that first became more widely used in the Anglo-American world precisely during the years of the birth of powered flight. The paper will reveal how the recognition of the airport as both a cultural landscape and a vulnerable environment has led to and resulted from site-specific airport landscape designs, wildlife management practices, the inclusion of historic sites into airport designs, and the conservation of runways and other features for the adaptive reuse of decommissioned airports. While many designers conceived of airports as new iconic techno-cultural landscapes, others perceived them as destructive to the already existing cultural landscapes. The meanings of the airport as cultural landscape are therefore also always closely related to the social, and economic politics surrounding it.
演讲题目：机场——一种文化景观？
摘要： 将介绍整个二十世纪机场如何被作为一个文化景观和独特的环境被理解和设计的。虽然机场在其演化过程中被各种批评家、建筑师和哲学家描述为是一种反景观，一处过时的“非场所”和反乌托邦，但总体上对机场和航空的理解已经与景观，环境，生态的概念紧密地交织在一起。将从不断变化的文化景观概念范围内解析历史情境下机场作为景观的理念，文化景观在动力飞行诞生的这些年间，首次在英美世界被更加广泛的应用。本文将揭示如何认知机场既作为为文化景观，也是脆弱环境的过程，这一过程产生了作为特定场地的机场景观设计，野生动物的管理实践，介入到历史遗迹的机场设计，跑道的保护和其他废弃机场适应性再利用的特点。虽然许多设计师构思机场为全新的标志性技术 - 文化景观，其他人认为它们的建设破坏了场地原有的文化景观。机场作为文化景观的含义也因此总是与其周围的社会，经济和政治密切相关。
05
Dr. Johannes Müller
Freelance and consultant for landscape planning and landscape ecology
约翰内斯·穆勒 博士
学者，德国景观规划和景观生态学顾问
Born in 1959 in Germany. Studied geography, geology and botany at the universities of Wuerzburg/Germany, Hull/England and Caen/France. Specialized in landscape ecology and the development of cultural landscapes. Award for junior scientists 1989 of the academy of sciences, Berlin, for the thesis with the topic “Ecological Functions of Hedges”. Graduation (Dr. rer. nat.) in geography with the topic „Natural Geography of Lower Franconia/Germany“. Numerous research journeys in Europe and Asia. Since 1988 working freelance as consultant for landscape planning and landscape ecology. Also author of geographical photographs, running his own photo agency. Part time lecturer at the institute of geography, university of Wuerzburg. Clusius lecture on “The Cultural Landscape of China” in Leiden/The Netherlands.
1959年生于德国。于德国维尔茨堡大学、英国赫尔大学和法国卡昂大学分别学习了地理学、地质学和植物学，目前专门从事生态景观学和文化景观发展的研究。1989年，因论文《树篱的生态功能》获由柏林科学院颁发的青年科学家奖。地理学学科毕业论文为《德国下弗兰肯的自然地理》，获得博士学位。曾多次在欧洲和亚洲进行学术研究旅行。自1988年起，从事自由职业，作为景观规划和景观生态学顾问。同时从事地理摄影工作，并经营自己的摄影机构。在维尔茨堡大学地理研究所任兼职讲师，并在荷兰莱顿大学举办主题为“中国的文化景观”的讲座。
Books published (in German language)
- Functions of Hedges and Their Space Requirements, as Seen in the Context of the Ecological and Esthetical Deficits in Central Franconia.- published simultaneously in Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten, vol 77 and Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Würzburg, vol 31, Würzburg 1990, 318 pp.
- Main Features of the Physical Geography of Lower Franconia: Landscape Ecology - Landscape Development - Landscape Types.- Gotha (Perthes) 1996, 324 pp.
- Cultural Landscape of China: Reshaping of the Landscape by man through Agriculture and Settlement.- Gotha (Perthes) 1997, 343 pp.
- China.- book of overhead slides, together with D. Böhn, Gotha (Perthes) 1998, 96 pp.
- Elements of the Cultural Landscape: Development in the Context of the Agro-Ecosystem and the Land Use Change, the Example of Franconia/Southern Germany.- Laufen (Akademie für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege) 2004, 195 pp.
- Elements of the Cultural Landscape: Man-Made Plant Communities and Structures Originating from Extensive Land Use.- Heidelberg (Spektrum) 2005, 272 pp.
出版书籍（德语）：
《树篱的功能及其空间要求》（1990）
《下弗兰肯自然地理的主要特点：景观生态学》（1996）
《中国的文化景观》（1997）
《中国：幻灯片之书》（1998）
《文化景观要素：农业生态系统和土地利用变化环境中的发展（以德国南部弗兰肯为例）》（2004）
《文化景观要素：始于粗放型土地利用的人造植物群落结构》（2005）
Presentation Title : (Re-) Shaping the Landscape - the Legacy of Human Interference with the Landscape in China
Abstract: The landscape as a whole represents a section of the earth, including all influences and interdependencies leading to its characteristic shape. In other words, the landscape can be regarded as an ecosystem. The natural landscape is altered to such an extent by the interference of man (in this case farmers and agriculture) that it is defined as cultural landscape. Its ecosystem includes man as a major eco-factor thus becoming an agroecosystem.
The cultural landscape as we see it today, especially in the case of China, is the outcome of a history of 9000 or more years of interdependencies between nature and man, step by step changing, influencing or adapting to certain eco-factors. The resulting cultural landscape therefore reflects the long history of a mutual relationship between man and nature. As farming is not possible without settlements, characterizing the cultural landscape includes land use systems as well as villages and buildings.
On top of that, on a long term stable cultural landscapes, being the result of sustainable land use systems, represent an intrinsic aesthetical value. The transformation of a natural into a cultural landscape by human activity should not be seen as the destruction of nature or the natural landscape, but should be understood as (re-) shaping of the landscape.
Possible developments of the cultural landscape in the 21st century include either the intensification of land use or its complete abandonment depending on the suitability for agriculture. It’s the task of landscape architecture to develop concepts on a scale between those two extremes including the historical and the aesthetical values of the cultural landscape.
演讲题目：（重新）塑造景观——中国的人类干预景观遗产
摘要： 景观作为一个整体，包括其导向地球特征形态的所有影响和相互依赖性，代表了地球的一部分。换句话说，景观可以视为一个生态系统。自然景观在人的干预（通常是农民与农业）下达到了可以被定义为文化景观的程度。人在这个生态系统中作为主要的生态因素，造就了农业生态景观。
今天我们所见到的文化景观，尤其是在中国，是经过9000年甚至更长的时间里，在自然与人的相互影响中，一步步改变、影响或适应了某些生态要素。因此，造成的文化景观反映了人与自然在悠久历史中的相互关系。农耕不可能不包含定居点，因此除了土地利用系统，定义的文化景观还应包括乡村和建筑。
最重要的是，一个长期稳定的文化景观作为可持续的土地利用系统的结果，代表了一种内在的审美价值。经由人类活动导致的自然景观到文化景观的转变，不应该被认为对是自然或自然景观的破坏，而应该理解为对景观的塑造（重塑）。
文化景观在21世纪的发展可能性包括了对土地使用的强化，抑或是完全的放弃，这取决于农业的可持续性。而风景园林的任务，是在包括文化景观的历史和审美价值在内的这两个极端之间发展观念。
06
Robert Melnick
Professor
Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Oregon
罗伯特•梅尼克
美国俄勒冈大学风景园林系教授
Professor Robert Z. Melnick is a nationally and internationally recognized expert in cultural landscape evaluation and historic landscape preservation planning. A Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Robert has published widely on theoretical and practical issues relating to cultural and historic landscapes. He has served as lead and consultant for projects in states across the country, including Hawaii, California, Oregon, Iowa, Texas, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. His written works and professional projects have received numerous national awards. Robert regularly lectures at universities and professional meetings. His courses include Landscape Preservation and the History and Theory of the National Parks. Robert is former Dean of the School of Architecture and Allied Arts. While on leave from the University of Oregon for 2005-2007 he is a Visiting Senior Program Officer at the Getty Foundation in Los Angeles.
美国俄勒冈大学风景园林系教授，曾任该系系主任，及该校建筑与应用艺术学院院长；美国风景园林师协会终身荣誉会员。出版了大量文化景观相关著述，在夏威夷、加利福尼亚、俄勒冈、爱德华、德克萨斯、肯塔基、宾夕法尼亚和新泽西等州主持多个项目，教授景观保护和国家公园历史理论等课程，2005-2007年在盖蒂中心任高级课题执行官。
Presentation Title: Protecting cultural landscapes in the era of climate change
Abstract: Climate change, whether or not caused by human activities, is already having a direct impact on valued cultural landscapes globally. We are witnessing modifications to cultural landscapes that threaten their historic condition and possibly their very existence. While cultural landscape scholars and practitioners cannot deter or alter climate change, we can explore methods and tools to ameliorate its impact on valued landscapes. This lecture reports on current research in US national parks with special attention to the evolving tools employed to integrate climate science knowledge with cultural landscape analysis and management. The goal is to understand the impact of climate change on cultural landscapes and identify the landscapes’ vulnerability to key climate variables. Potential intervention activities to increase probability of the landscapes’ stabilization are also discussed. Main points of focus include: prioritizing character-defining cultural landscape features; identifying climate variables and historic impacts on cultural landscapes; and understanding a landscape’s climate exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity and vulnerability in order to better plan for its resilience and future. The six cultural landscapes in western US national parks were selected based on their ecological and cultural diversity. The parks are: Redwood National Park (California), Death Valley National Park (California), Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site (Hawai’i), North Cascades National Park (Washington), Eugene O’Neill National Historic Site (California) and Nez Perce National Historical Park (Idaho).
演讲题目：在气候变化时代保护文化景观
摘要： 不管是否是因人类活动引起的，气候变化已经直接影响到了全球范围内宝贵的文化遗产。我们正在见证文化景观的改变，而这种改变对其历史状况甚或是存续造成威胁。虽然文化景观学者和从业者无法阻止或改变气候变化，我们可以探索如何减轻其对于宝贵景观之影响的方法和工具。本讲座介绍美国国家公园的现有研究状况，特别关注那些将环境科学知识与文化景观分析管理相互融合的新工具，目的是了解气候变化对文化景观的影响，识别景观受主要气候变量影响的可能性。那些可能增加景观稳定性的潜在干预活动也将得到讨论。重点内容包括：确定文化景观特征的优先顺序；识别气候变量及历史因素对文化景观的影响；理解景观之气候接触度、敏感度、适应能力和脆弱性以更好规划其弹性和未来。本讲座选择美国西部国家公园中的六个文化景观作为案例，它们的生态和文化具有多样性。这些景观包括：加州红木国家公园、加州死谷国家公园、夏威夷Pu’ukohola Heiau国家历史遗址、华盛顿州北瀑布国家公园、加州Eugene O’Neill国家历史遗址、爱德华州Nez Perce国家历史公园。
07
J. Timothy Keller
Professor emeritus
Department of Landscape Architecture, Iowa State University.
蒂莫西•凯勒
美国爱荷华州立大学风景园林系荣誉教授
Tim has coauthored many publications focusing on landscape conservation issues, particularly addressing distinct cultural communities, historic landscapes and transportation corridors. He has also directed a variety of significant landscape planning and conservation projects throughout the United States and consulted on projects in Slovakia, Malaysia and South Korea.
出版大量侧重景观保护问题的著述，特别针对特殊文化社区、历史景观和交通廊道。主持了全美各地的各类重要景观规划和保护项目，并为斯洛文尼亚、马来西亚和韩国等地的项目提供咨询服务。
Presentation Title: Cultural Landscapes in the Rural/Urban Continuum
Abstract: Cultural landscapes throughout the world are confronting change so dramatic that their underlying human and environmental values and thus their continued existence are threatened. Many landscapes associated with distinct cultural groups have either disappeared or are becoming heritage parks as governmental bodies endeavor to protect once dynamic landscapes that pay homage to past cultures. Other cultural landscapes continue to exist by addressing the challenges of a rapidly changing world. These evolving cultural landscapes, inhabited by the descendants of culture(s) that gave built form to the underlying geomorphology of a place as well as new populations that are mindful of history and cultural traditions, may remain viable and clearly evident through planned and managed modifications of environment and economy. Often these cultural landscapes are adjacent to urban centers or transportation corridors and are experiencing significant transformation related to suburban and exurban development. However, with a growing societal focus on both renewing and densifying inner cities and strengthening adjacent agrarian-‐based economies, local governments are developing planning and policy approaches that support both the urban and the rural in mutually advantageous, symbiotic relationships. This is often accomplished through long term and continuing governmental agreements that support the inherent strengths of each entity. The City of Charlottesville and the County of Albemarle, Virginia exemplify this cross-‐jurisdictional effort. In 2016 more than 95% of Albemarle County remains rural and its cultural landscape is viewed as a viable component of the regional rural/urban continuum. These two jurisdictions – that encompass a UNESCO World Heritage Site composed of Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello and the University of Virginia historic precinct, thousands of hectares of listed historic districts, tens of thousands of hectares of protected agricultural and forested lands and a portion of Shenandoah National Park – have worked individually, together, and with the support of NGOs for more than 75 years to achieve this result. An examination of the Charlottesville/Albemarle planning and policy history provides direction in maintaining and protecting other significant rural cultural landscapes in the midst of growth and change.
演讲题目：城乡共同体中的文化景观
摘要： 世界范围内的文化景观正在经历急剧变化，以至于其基本的人文和环境价值乃至存续都受到了威胁。许多与特定文化族群关系密切的景观已经消失，或者正在成为遗产公园，此类公园源于政府试图保护那些仍延续着传统文化的有活力的景观的努力。其他文化景观通过解决快速变化的世界的挑战而继续存在。这些演化中的文化景观也许能通过对环境和经济进行有规划的和谨慎的调整来得以维持，这种调整可由那些曾经赋予了景观以基本形貌的文化体的后裔来进行，也可由那些关注历史文化传统的新人来进行。这些文化景观常邻近都市区或交通廊道，因而因郊区开发而剧烈变化。然而，随着社会对旧城更新及城郊农业经济复兴的关注，地方政府正在制定规划和政策来促进城乡互利共生关系的形成。政府在支持城市和乡村各自内在优势方面达成长期而持续的共识是实现这一目标的途径。弗吉尼亚州的夏洛茨维尔市和阿尔伯马尔县是这种跨行政区划努力的一个典型案例。2016年阿尔伯马尔县超过95%的土地仍是乡村，其文化景观被看做是区域性城乡共同体的一个可以存续的组成部分。在过去的75年时间里，两个行政单位在非营利组织协助下已经通过各自努力及协同合作实现了这一结果，涉及一个世界文化遗产地（由杰斐逊的蒙蒂塞洛庄园和弗吉尼亚大学历史区组成）、数千公顷被入选国家历史遗址目录的历史街区、上万公顷农业及森林保护地、谢纳多阿国家公园的一部分。通过研究夏洛茨维尔市和阿尔伯马尔县的规划和政策历史，可为维持和保护其他出于变化中的重要乡村文化景观提供指引。
08
Heidi Hohmann
Associate Professor
Department of Landscape Architecture, Iowa state University
海蒂•霍曼
美国爱荷华州立大学风景园林系副教授。
Heidi’s research interests include historic landscapes and their preservation, landscape architectural theory in 1900-1930, late nineteenth and early twentieth century parks and park systems, rural cemeteries, and contemporary design criticism. Currently she is conducting the assessment and inventory for a number of cultural and historic landscapes across the United States, as well as the historical case studies of urban park systems in US.
海蒂的研究兴趣涉及历史景观保护、1900-1930年间的风景园林理论、19世纪末20世纪初的公园系统、乡村公墓和当代设计批判等。她目前正对一系列美国文化和历史景观进行评估和清查，同时还在对美国都市公园系统进行历史性案例研究。
Presentation Title: Transportation Transformations: Preserving Linear Cultural Landscapes
Abstract: The literature of cultural landscapes contains abundant odological studies, from J.B. Jackson’s poetic descriptions of traveling the open road on motorcycles to Grady Clay’s iconic analysis of the American “strip.” Beyond documentation and analysis, however, the actual preservation of transportation corridors poses numerous challenges, most of which stem from their long and narrow character: Although preservation of a road’s structures (roadbed, curbs and culverts) may be straightforward due to their relative simplicity and the road’s jurisdiction under a single agency, preservation of the corridor context--Lynch and Appleyard’s so-called “View from the Road”--is usually more difficult, due to its vast expanse and myriad owners and stakeholders. Furthermore, situated in larger social and environmental networks of communication and transportation, roads are rarely static landscapes. As routes and transportation technology change over time, so the corridors, fundamentally altering their use, experience and character. Given such changes, what, then, defines authenticity in a historic roadway, and how can preservation be accomplished--or justified--over the long distances of transportation corridors? A series of case studies from the United States will explicate these preservation challenges across a variety of scales, from local (30 miles) to regional (500 miles) to national (1,000 miles), addressing issues of corridor documentation, feature treatment, and adjacent lands management. Discussion of a variety of linear landscapes, including parkways, scenic byways, and highways will focus on conservation approaches that permit ongoing transformation and evolution of these resources.
演讲题目：交通变迁：保护线性文化景观
摘要： 文化景观文献中包含大量对道路的研究，如杰克逊对驾驶摩托车在乡间道路上旅行的诗意描述，以及克雷对美国商业街的符号化分析。除了记录和分析，交通廊道的具体保护工作还面临诸多挑战，这些挑战大多源于此类景观的狭长特征：对一条道路的构筑物（如路基、道牙和涵洞）进行保护也许是直接明了的，因为其相对简单且置于一个政府机构治下，但要保护这条路的文脉（被林奇和阿普尔亚德称之为“从路上看到的风景”）往往是困难的，因为其涉及很大范围和诸多业主和利益相关者。而且，道路景观根植于更大范围通讯交通的社会环境网络中，很少处于静态。随着路线和交通技术的变化，道路的使用方式、体验和特征也在发生变化。考虑到这些变化，我们应通过什么来界定一条历史公路的原真性，而又应如何实现长距离交通廊道的保护？本讲座选择一系列美国案例来阐述这些保护工作的挑战，尺度涉及地方（30英里）、地区（100英里）和全国（1000英里），问题涉及廊道记录、特征处理和邻近土地经营。对林荫大道、风景小道和高速公路等各类线性景观的探讨将侧重那些能够兼容变化的保护策略。
09
John G. Williams
Professor emeritus
School of Architecture, Auburn University.
约翰•威廉姆斯
美国奥本大学建筑学院荣誉教授
John has been focusing on the research on urban form of small towns. His study of the small towns in the Appalachian Mountains was awarded the 2008 J.B. Jackson Book Prize by the Foundation for Landscape Studies, and that of the Urban Pathology of American small towns was awarded the David R. Coffin Research Grant by the Foundation for Landscape Studies in 2010. John has also won a number of professional awards, such as the Boston Society of Architects Award for Excellence in Architecture for the Athletes’ and Reporters’ Village, 1988 Olympics, Seoul.
研究侧重于小镇城市形态，对阿巴拉契亚山区小镇的研究被景观研究基金会授予2008年杰克逊书籍奖，对美国小镇城市病理的研究被景观研究基金会授予2010年大卫·科芬研究津贴。主持完成众多获奖项目，如韩城1988年夏季奥运会运动员及记者村荣获波士顿建筑师协会的杰出建筑奖。
Presentation Title: Bitter Melon
Abstract: This presentation narrates the Chinese experience in California’s Delta in the Central Valley. The Central Valley is one of the world’s most productive agricultural regions providing a third of the row crops consumed in the United States. The confluence of two rivers, the Sacramento and the San Joaquim, forms the mysterious Delta, an alluvial region under severe environmental stress. After completing the construction of the continental railroad in the late 19th century, many Chinese immigrants settled as farmers in the Delta. Much of their agricultural efforts required manipulation of century-old drainage patterns and the creation of extensive earthworks. The Delta is an ecology of watery landscapes in constant danger of catastrophic flooding. The Chinese built beautiful communities of unique urban forms that perfectly combined their needs for ethnic solidarity and protection from racial bias. All but one of these towns have disappeared. Tiny Locke, California, remains as testimony to the cultural resiliency of the Chinese community and the persistence of beautiful vernacular design. After first exploring the fragile ecology of the Central Valley and the Delta, and using old maps and photographs, this talk traces the reasons for these towns’ placements. Through cultural detective work - what I call urban pathology – the investigation of detrimental changes in urban structure and form – I reconstruct the Chinese neighborhoods in places like Isleton, Courtland and Walnut Grove. This investigation also exposes the forces of modernism, especially the interstate highway system, that have left these towns behind while creating their own contemporary urban forms.
演讲题目：苦甜瓜
摘要： 本讲座叙述中国人在加州中央山谷的三角洲地区的经历。中央山谷是世界上最丰产的农业区之一，美国所消耗的行栽作物中有三分之一来自该地。萨克拉门托河与圣华金河在此交互形成神秘的三角洲，这一洪泛区正面临严重的环境压力。在十九世纪末太平洋大铁路建成之后，不少华人移民在三角洲地区定居务农。他们的农务主要涉及古老排水系统的操作和大面积的土方工程。三角洲地区是一个持续处于洪灾危险中的多水景观。华人建造了独特而优美的聚落，这些聚落的城镇形态将建造者对实现民族团结和抵御种族歧视的需求完美结合。这些城镇中只有一座存留至今，即加州的小洛克镇，它见证了华人社群的文化弹性和优美乡土设计的延续。本讲座将理清该镇空间特征的成因，方法是首先研究中央山谷和三角洲地区的脆弱生态，然后利用老地图和旧照片。通过文化调查（我将其称之为城市病理学，即对城市结构形式的有害变化的调研），我将重构艾尔顿、Courtland和沃尔纳特格罗夫等地的华人社区。该研究也将揭示现代主义的力量，特别是州际公路系统，是如何导致这些华人城镇的废弃并创造新的当代城市形态。
10
Steffen Nijhuis
Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment
Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
荷兰代尔夫特技术大学建筑与建成环境学院教师
Dr. Steffen Nijhuis is Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture and Team Leader Landscape Architecture Research Program at the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology (the Netherlands).He is an expert in landscape architecture research and design of polder and delta landscapes, focusing on the integration of cultural aspects, spatial design and water engineering. He led projects such as The Polder Atlas of the Netherlands, the Dike and Polder-GIS of the Netherlands, Mapping Urbanized Deltas, amongst others. He also authored and edited several academic books and published various peer-reviewed and indexed journal articles. Next to being Series Editor of the Research in Urbanism Series and Advisor to NGO’s, governmental and regional authorities, he is member of several scientific committees and review boards, and guest lecturer at several universities. Furthermore he coordinates the Landscape Architecture MSc-Graduation studio and is supervisor of MSc and PhD graduation projects.
Steffen Nijhuis博士是荷兰代尔夫特理工大学建筑和建成环境学院的助理教授，也是风景园林研究项目负责人。他在风景园林研究、圩田设计、三角洲景观、基于景观的区域设计和GIS在风景园林规划设计领域应用方面是专家。他领导了多项研究如荷兰圩田图集、基于GIS的荷兰圩田和堤坝研究，基于图示研究的三角洲都市化等。他还撰写和编辑了几本学术著作，并发表了众多经同行评审和编入索引的期刊文章。他也是都市系列研究丛书的编辑，并是非政府组织、政府和地方当局的顾问；他是数个科学委员会和评审委员会的成员，并在几所大学担任客座讲师。此外，他是风景园林硕士毕设工作室的协调人，也是硕士毕设和博士学位的导师。
Presentation Title: Polderscapes. The Landscape Architecture Of The Dutch Lowlands
Abstract: The Dutch lowlands consist mainly of polders, areas where water levels are artificially controlled so people can live and work there. This century-old interaction between man and water has produced a rich polder landscape. The great variety in polder forms is caused by differences in the geological subsoil, the dynamics of water and land and human intervention. This research systematically explores and visualises the wealth in shapes of the Dutch polder landscape from a landscape architecture perspective. Polders are not just regarded as hydraulic phenomena but also as spatial constructions and cultural expressions: the polder landscape as we can see and experience it, and also as an expression of Dutch culture. Through exploring the morphology of the polder landscape the genius loci of the Dutch lowlands can be ‘read’ in order to retrieve the information and design knowledge that lies hidden within it, as clues for further development. In this research the landscape architectonic form of the polder landscape is analysed in two stages revealing its cohesion and variety through systematic analysis and cartography. First, all polders are surveyed and digitized resulting in the first systematic polder map of the Netherlands. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) not only ensured precision work, but also made it possible to link information to the map, turning it into a spatial database. Second, the polder as the elementary landscape unit of the lowlands is further explored. In a morphological analysis of selected examples the characteristics of the different polder types (lake-bed polders, river polders, tidal flat polders and peat polders) are enumerated and interpreted typologically. An analysis of this sort makes the polder landscape, which until now has been discussed only in physical and historical-geographical terms, accessible for spatial design disciplines while providing clues for preservation and transformation.
演讲题目：圩田景观：荷兰低地的风景园林
摘要： 荷兰低地主要由圩田组成，圩田内水位人工控制使人们可以在那里生活和工作。人与水之间的相互作用产生了丰富的圩田景观。圩田丰富的多样性源于土壤的差异、水和土地的动态性和人类的干预。本研究从风景园林的角度系统探索荷兰圩田景观在形式方面的财富并加以可视化。圩田不仅作为水力现象也为空间结构和文化表达：圩田景观可以被看到和被体验，并成为荷兰文化的表达。通过对圩田景观形态的探寻，荷兰低地的场所精神可以被解读出来以便获取隐藏其中的信息和设计知识，并作为进一步发展的线索。在这个研究中，圩田的形式通过系统分析和制图分两步揭示关联性和多样性。首先，调查所有的圩田并数字化，形成了荷兰第一份系统的圩区图集。GIS的使用不仅保证了工作的精确性，而且它能够把信息链接到地图上，把它变成一个空间数据库。第二，圩区作为低地的基本景观单元，进一步加以探讨。对选定的例子进行形态分析，不同圩田类型（湖床圩田，河圩区，滩涂圩田和泥炭圩田）的特征得以列举和类型化的解释。这种分析使空间设计学科触及到目前为止一直只在历史地理方面讨论的圩田景观，并对其保护与改造提供了线索。
11
Jinwu Ma
Senior Product Engineer at Environmental Systems Research Institute, USA. Bachelor in Architecture, Masters in Landscape Architecture and Geography. Working as a software product engineer at esri since 1997. Expertise in geodesign.
马劲武
美国环境系统研究院高级产品工程师。建筑学学士、园林规划设计和地理学硕士。自1997年以来为美国环境系统研究院软件产品工程师。业务专长为地理设计。
Presentation Title: Landscape Values and Preservation in Geographical Context
演讲题目： 景观价值与保护的地理文脉
